Being the Bridge Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Being the Bridge - Essay Example The CIO can also engage representatives from other departments to discuss pertinent issues that may affect the operations of the company as a whole. Customer relationship management has become a priority for many CIOs. Essentially, the underlying concept in marketing is related to satisfaction of customer needs. Therefore, outstanding companies seek to learn and understand the needs and wants of the customers (Kotler & Armstrong, 2010). Loyalty among the customers is created where there is quality relationship with the firm that exists. The success of the company mainly depends on the number of customers that exist. Whenever customers are treated as valuable assets to the company, they can identify with it. This also helps them refer others to the firm. More revenue is likely to be generated if the company is sensitive to the needs of the customers. This can also help to ensure the viability and sustainability of the company in the long run in its

Peer reviewded Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Peer reviewded - Essay Example The compromise may be in the form of disruption in the performance of duties or personal relationships, or at times may lead to the change of personality of a person. Compassion fatigue exhibits itself in a number of ways through evident signs and symptoms. The most visible sign that a person is suffering from compassion fatigue is the fact that the person is tense and preoccupied with the individual in need of care and his/her disease. Signs that a person is suffering from compassion fatigue may include avoiding or the numbing of the feelings of the caregiver or avoiding certain thoughts or situations of the patient. The caregiver may suffer lapses of memories and may also show a consistent character of being tired despite sleeping for adequate number of hours or, conversely, suffer from insomnia. The caregiver may also start to absent him/herself from work, and other signs may include emotional depletion due to too much caring for the sick and loss of interest in activities that we re enjoyed previously. The caregiver also loses self-esteem, is susceptible to anger, depression and irritability and may find it difficult to find happiness or hope. There is also evident decreased productivity at both the workplace and home. A caregiver should try to avoid the complications that may make him/her suffer from the effects of compassion fatigue. There are many ways of avoiding compassion fatigue, and these are majorly the individual becoming more withdrawn due to the problem or the caregiver choosing to leave the job altogether. The physical, emotional and spiritual needs of the caregiver should be met in order that the person does not suffer from the effects of compassion fatigue. Understanding one’s needs as a caregiver helps one to accept what is happening and may assist in avoiding compassion fatigue. Therefore, being in control of physical needs as a caregiver is important for better healthcare and wellbeing. The caregiver should look after his own health through better nutrition, regular exercise and enough sleep to keep compassion fatigue at bay. Taking care of his/her emotional needs like avoiding instances or events that may lead one to depression should be considered. This can be achieved through referring to previous instances in which the caregiver has endured and coped emotionally. Accepting how one feels and express the feelings, for example, one may reflect on her/his sadness and happiness while at the same time maintaining a sense of humor. Spiritual needs like one’s faith are important for the caregiver and through their consideration, one is able to avoid falling into the trap of compassion fatigue (Ekedahl and Wengstro?m, 2008). This can be relieved by understanding that death is inevitable and occurs at some point in the lifetime of a person. Spiritual needs can be provided by the family, faith or the nature, and the caregiver must be in a position to comprehend the possibility of losing the patient they are tak ing care of. Strategies for Coping with Compassion Fatigue Taking care of oneself as a caregiver increases his/her ability to provide for the person in need of the palliative care. This is because one will be able to handle the increased physical and emotional pressures that the work of care

In Depth Market Analysis On Bmw Marketing Essay

In Depth Market Analysis On Bmw Marketing Essay Due to the failure to grow market share, the group adopted a strategy of organic growth in its early 2000s.This resulted in the launch of a large number of models with varied price and class ranges leading to further market development. This renowned European carmaker BMW is well known for its high quality products and services which comes in wide ranges, its global brand image and its highly output cars. This report emphasizes on the companys strategic goals and values and the impact of political, economic, social, technological, environmental and legal factors in the present competitive world on the company. The main objective behind the case study is to understand its strategic capability, its target market, market segmentation which is keys to success in the competitive market like of any industry, also by discovering positioning options, calculating and further understanding the importance of brand management and selecting the appropriate methods for the strategic development of a company. This report analyses the ability of the company to succeed and compete with its competitors. It will also discuss about the challenges it will come across in the near future. Learning Objectives The main learning objectives after analyzing the case study are: Evaluation of Classic and Contemporary models, concept and tools used in business strategy and planning which include PESTEL analysis, Value chain analysis, SWOT analysis, Porters five forces, Industry life cycle and Cycle of competition. The process BMW used to identify their strategic goals and values Analysis of Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental and legal factors and its influence on its strategy The strategy used to achieve its competitive advantage Future challenges impact on the Company The reason for BMW considering the international business environment and its response towards it. The use of Value chain analysis for BMW in order to improve its competitive position. Summarization of its knowledge and understanding of its external business environment, its management and its ability to change, develop and implement business strategy. PESTEL Analysis In the macro-environment, there are various factors which affect the decisions of the managers in regards to the strategic development of any organisation. Some of the macro change factors include Tax changes, new laws, trade barriers, demographic change and government policy changes. (http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm) According to Thomas (2007) when an organization undergoes various changes and faces complexity in upcoming situations, it is hard to keep a track of activities in external environment and its erratic effect on the strategies of the firm. In such a situation PESTEL analysis is done which helps in analyzing the key drivers of change that helps in predicting the businesses future environment. Political factors: These factors emphasis on the government policy such as the degree of interference in the economy. In an automobile industry, the possible factors are: Tax laws and government policies by foreign government have a great affect on the automobile industry. According to Hill, 2008 Success of the business in the global market is determined by the probable foreign policies. As the laws and regulations that had affected the automobile industry also included the environmental factors affecting it adversely, it was made mandatory for all the car manufactures to consider the environment while making their manufacturing process. Economic factors include factors affecting an organization on economic ground like exchange rates, taxation changes, inflation, and interest rates and so on. For an automobile industry the economic factors are: The decreasing exchange rate of Euro had an adverse affect on the European car makers as due to difference in exchange rate increases the price per product and reduces the profitability for sale per product. According to Autofacts, 2004 Emergence of developing states like China and India s excess capital and buying power regionally and globally. Global increase in GDP (market value of all goods and services) services from 2.0% to 3.1% in 2008 and regular economic downturn in the US market in 2008. Buying capacity of people and the population figures even affects the automobile industry. High amount investment in marketing and on the new designs production of automobile blocked huge amount of revenue although the supply was more than the demand. Social Factors: Changes in social trends like income distribution, ageing population, and attitudes to work can have a greater impact on demand for a product by a firm and it also might result in the willingness and availability of individuals to work. Like in UK, as the population has been ageing has resulted in increment of costs to the firms who are committed to pension payments for staff who are living longer. (http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm) For an automobile industry the factors could be: As a result of recession, the buying behaviour of consumers seems to be changed. Automobiles environmental issues and its harmful emissions (Johnson,2005) Change in demand for a new product in terms of the launch of a new brand can be one of the social factors. Technological Factors: New products are created due to new technologies. Technology reduces costs, improve quality and lead to innovation of a new product. These developments not only benefit consumers but also the organisations providing the products. (http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm). The latest the technology is, greater is the demand for that product especially in terms of automobile industry. Examples are: The cost of manufacturing increases with the adoption of new technologies. Due to increment in the use of technology, the ratio of competitors is too high now. Restrictive measure on technology which are linked to the environmental pollution are one of the most important technological factor (Allen, 2006) Environmental Factors: The most concerned factors here are environmental issues and global warming which affects the environment. It even includes the change in climate and weather. In terms of automobile industry, the factors can be: The taste and preferences of customers change with the change in trend. They now prefer eco friendly cars, fuel cell cars in order to environment friendly. Due to increase in global warming and the awareness of green house effect, the consumers are more into buying environment friendly products. Legal Factors are related to the legal environment in which the firm operates. (http://www.oup.com/uk/orc/bin/9780199296378/01student/additional/page_12.htm) Some of the examples can be employment law, health and safety law. In the automobile industry, the legal factors are: Rules and regulations in regards to pollution control all over the European countries. The import export duty tax and the ethics in regards to the manufacturing process vary from country to country. The firm is bound to follow the legal norms in order to maintain safety standards. Porters five forces It is a framework for the industry analysis and business strategy development developed by Michael E. Porter of Harvard Business School in 1979. It draws upon Industrial Organization (IO) economics to derive five forces that determine the competitive intensity and therefore attractiveness of a market. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_five_forces_analysis). It is a tool to assess the nature of competition by calculating the factors inside and outside an industry. It is done in order to develop business strategy and do an analysis of industry. (http://alfrancobakerhughes.files.wordpress.com/2010/02/porters-five-forces2.jpg) The Five Forces: Threat of new entrants: The threat for a new entrant in an automobile industry is the minimum due to high investment in order to set up manufacturing plants and assembly liners. The time taken to be recognized by the consumers is even more than any other industry. Above are the few barriers that there is hardly a threat of new entrant in the world of Automobile. Threat of substitutes: Although BMW is one of luxurious and renowned brand but can face a threat of substitutes due to other powerful brands like Audi, Toyota, Mercedes and so on. The other brands too as a wider choice due to huge range of products. Bargaining power of suppliers: BMW got a long relationship with its supplier and also got a tightly controlled distribution system. Suppliers have high bargain power because suppliers can dictate the cost of raw material. Long relationship with suppliers result in reduced cost of raw materials. Bargaining power of buyers: The bargain power of buyers is high due to availability of huge range of products as BMW and its competitors fall into exclusive car range. Consumers can choose a product on the basis of price. Competitive rivalry: As most of the bigger automobile companies are globally establishes, their target market is the same attracting the same group of customers. This results in greater competition especially in the markets of Asia, Europe and US. The key drivers of change Pestel analysis helps us to overview the macro environmental factors. The factors which can have a high impact on strategy are identified with the combination of the above i.e. Pestel analysis, Porters five forces and drivers of change. The drivers of change help managers make effective decisions. Some of them are: Consideration of environmental issues Change of customer demand for goods quality cost of ownership. Improvement in the use of technology and preference design due to change in taste and preferences of consumers. Trend of using small cars. The Industry life cycle It is composed of five stages from the launching of the product to its declination. The stages are development stage, growth stage, shakeout stage, maturity stage and decline stage. The first stage is the start up of a company with the innovation of its assets. Secondly, during the growth stage there is a minimal threat to new entrants and high growth with low bargaining power of buyers. Thirdly, in the shake out stage the firm focuses on its managerial and financial activities and is a stage of slow growth. Fourthly, the maturity stage faces high barriers to entry with increase in competition. At this stage the highest is the sales with high market share but with time, the growth stops and stage of declination comes. Considering the case study, BMW is in the maturity stage of industry life cycle. Although its growth is stagnant, its products like 1,3,5,7 series were standardized due to its huge market share and brand identity. Despite high barriers to entry in the maturity stage, BMW asset was a relatively high market share and status as a manufacturing excellence. SWOT Analysis It is a tool to analyze the internal strength and weakness with the external opportunities and threats. It helps in better understanding of how the internal strength and weakness with current strategy are capable of dealing with the changes in the external environment. Strengths In order to maintain good supply chain management, BMW maintains strong relationship with suppliers. As BMW uses the most advanced technology, it helps in enabling design, quality and price to prospective consumers. BMW has a good position in the market in terms of brand and gratitude factor. It can rely on its strength in order to gain competitive advantage with the help of its well qualified labor force. Brand image High turnover Highly qualified Labor force. Weakness: Low cost products of competitors and its perception of high price. BMW had an image of being serious and conventional in comparison with the other competitors. Environmental issues. Consumer sophistication and understanding. Opportunities: The number of products sold was increased inspite of most of the countries being hit by recession. Its attitude of advanced technology towards its products and its flexibility in development and manufacturing. Affordability due to interest rate being less. Its popularity increased among the developing countries like India and China. World wide recognized brand image. Introducing and developing a new product in the market with more advanced features. Threats: Economic downturn Different Legal factors of different countries. Increment in the number of entrants in the industry Competition level increasing day by day and its going to be hard to survive for a company who doesnt go along with the change in trend. Increment in the supply costs. Cycle of Competition There was a strong competition between all the competitors in the market with time and in order to overcome the hurdles which could have resulted in the loss, BMW had a rise in its turnover with the use of adequate technology. Core capability and competitive advantages are not permanent in nature as per the concept of cycle of competition. ; For example BMWs strongest competitors Toyota group. According to Kiley (2004), Toyotas whole assets including machinery, profit margins etc create threats for BMW as Toyota has established product in the small market region. Therefore, the available option for BMW is to compete through its core capability and competitive advantages. By implementing the use of scientific technology that BMW restores to, higher economies of scale can be achieved. BMW is one who serves from a small car to a bigger car like that from a mini to Rolls Royce. This is one which serves from a luxury segment to the premium segment which is not in case of all its competitors. Strategic drift Strategic drift refers to the change in strategy. Despite the occasional incremental development from cultural and historical factors, the reason for drift to occur is when company environmental changes negatively affect its operations. BMW emphasises on brand development that is a result from changes in the market. Strategic drift is better off explained when considering an example of acquiring of English brand Rover was due to the companys need of increasing production. Resources A resource is described as any physical entity that needs to be consumed first to get benefits out of it. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource). There are two kinds of resources- Tangible and Intangible Resources. Tangible Resources are the physical assets like Labour force, machinery, finance within a firm and Intangible resources are the non physical assets like information, status and knowledge. The resources which BMW possesses are: It has highly qualified labour force composed of young and professional professionals. In 2003, BMWs financial resources the turnover was of 41.53 billion Euro, gross margins of 3.2 billion, 7.4% profit margins and annual surplus of 3.2 billion Euro. Supply chain and dealership management Effective market segmentation Its universally designed physical resources Its relationship with the its suppliers, quality of products, reliability and dealings makes them building strong relationship with their suppliers so that helps them in high bargain power of supplier. Brand image getting stronger due to its reliability and inevitable product quality. By the contribution of economies of scale, product/process design, experience and supply chain, cost efficiency at BMW is possible (Gerry, Scholes and Whittington, 2008) Supply costs Especially in terms of production and purchase of raw materials, supply costs play and important role within an organization. It is considered to be an important asset when input cost decides about the success of a company. With a work force of 104000, BMW has set up different locations like China, USA, UK, South Africa and Germany in order to manage its supply cost. It was guaranteed that the supply cost will be reduced if the transportation cost of raw materials is reduced. Experience The two primary things while considering experience in an organization are attainment of cost efficiency and control of costs. There is also a need to generate competitive advantage through experience by the firm itself and its unit costs. BMW has been in the automobile sector since the Second World War. Acquiring of the cumulative experience is expected to lower its unit costs. There is a need of increment in the unit produced annually from the established assembly units in this competitive market with the reduction in the cost. This reduction atleast guarantees capability of survival although the competitive advantage may not be achieved. Product/Process Design Product design is concerned with the efficient and effective generation and development of ideas through a process that leads to new products. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Product_design)The main reason for product design is to maximise working capital, labour productivity and better yield. In order to compete with the rival, it is adopted in order to gain competitive advantage. BMW has earned reputation in the global market as an engineering excellence due to its excellent performance in product/process design. Value Network for BMW BMWs assembly locations and manufacturing unit is independent on each other according to the value network. Each of the assembly units has a separate supplier of raw materials needed to manufacture the product. Internal value chain in the assembly liners exists among them. The organisation also possesses a channel value chain which is formed on the basis of design, location and price such as the product varies from a mini to Rolls Royce. As per the target market, market segmentation is done and accordingly the product ranges are priced and designed differently as per the value chain criteria. The pricing strategy differs from location to location where BMW is focussing at. Like the price for the products in related to automobile industry in Asian market is cheaper than UK or US. BMW Success Factor There are various factors responsible for BMW success. These include Product quality, Product cost and experience. Firstly, the product quality is important to be maintained as per the customer satisfaction point of view. The excellence of a product helps in identifying the brand of a product. For a company like BMW, it is important to maintain its quality for further success. Secondly, the product cost is always high but its quality of the products gets balanced it in front of its competitors and justifies the reason for the price to be high. The third success factor is Experience for BMW in the automobile industry. Its presence in the industry for so many years has helped in establishing its brand image for its products together with the advanced supply chain which helps in delivering of the right product at right time. Hereby its said by Radinger, 1996 that the BMW s channel value chain of price, location and design is the backbone of consumer value chain. Its brand image, technology, business model, its sustainability in this competitive world and lastly its CEO are responsible for its own success. Future Challenges that may have an impact on BMW are: Decrease in economies of scale Technology may become stagnant. Consumers taste and preference might change During the firms maturity stage, there might be increase in rivalry leading to price wars too Ups and downs of Currency rate will have impact on the prices of products sold in different countries. High fuel prices and increment in the cost of raw materials. BMW possesses the strategies like Product development, Market penetration; Restructuring, Market development and liquation that will help BMW readdress profits for organizational future. Conclusion A company like BMW had to face lot of problems in the 1990s as there were so many competitors in the Automobile industry and also due to the fact of global recession. After all this hassel, there came a good part in its company which proved to be a turning point for the company as the new CEO started a strategy of internal growth through market and product development in the year 2002. Due to the failure to grow market share, the group adopted a strategy of organic growth in its early 2000s.This resulted in the launch of a large number of models with varied price and class ranges leading to further market development. This strategy of internal growth and product development also brought them to a conclusion of launching a new model every 3 months from 2003 through to 2005 and this plan was implemented which gave consumers choice from Mini to Rolls Royce.. The two biggest market the company targeted on were US and Asia in order to find buyers of their top and high range models and lef t over the European market for its lower cost and lower range models as the buyers didnt include people with high budget in order to buy a car as they preferred mainly basic car model. BMW is in the maturity stage as of industry life cycle. Although its growth is stagnant, its products like 1,3,5,7 series were standardized due to its huge market share and brand identity. Despite high barriers to entry in the maturity stage, BMW asset was a relatively high market share and status as a manufacturing excellence. The company acquired the image of manufacturer of an Ultimate driving machine as they worked upon their weakness and landed up innovating new ways in order to distinguish itself with its competitors. This resulted in crossing over the turnover of Lexus, the US biggest automobile maker in 2004 and BMW then become world biggest automobile company.

Wrestling Match Loss Essay -- Narrative Memoir Essays

Wrestling Match Loss    As I crawled off of the mat in anguish, I couldn't believe that I let it happen again. My one chance to settle the score and truly prove that I was better, was gone. My coaches and friends tried to tell me how good I did and how lucky he got, but it only made the pain worse. They put into perspective exactly how close I was to beating him, and it just made me think more. Think about how this was his last year, and how I would never be able to avenge my defeat. It made me feel like everything that I had worked for all season was lost in a split second, one that I couldn't take back. The 2000-2001 wrestling season started off the same as any other with tormenting practices and the effort to get in as good of shape as possible for the upcoming season. I can truly tell you that wrestling is the most physically and mentally demanding activity that I have ever participated in. The amount of joy when you win is overwhelming because it was all you and nobody can say that they won it for you. Unfortunately, the same can be said about losing. I can't describe how it feels to lose a close match that you know that you should have won. Learning to deal with that feeling and move on is the hard part of it. You have to be mentally tough and realize that it just makes you better to lose small, than to win big. I started the season off well, but didn't win a tournament until late in the season in Lake County. In the finals of that tournament I wrestled a kid from Cedaredge by the name of Roy Gage. The reason that I singled this match out is because you will probably be hearing quite a bit more about Mr. Gage. In a previous dual match, I had pinned Roy in the first period and he didn't seem to be much more than a du... ...e mat in disbelief. It took me a while to recover from the crushing loss. I didn't talk to anybody the rest of the day, and pretty much kept to myself. Charlie, James, and Kyle cheered me up a little with their wins in the finals. I almost forgot about the match completely when James won state, but afterwards it all came back to me. The match still haunts me today, but I think that it will do more good than harm. It will make me work harder this year to make sure that I don't get put in a situation like that again, and if I do then I will remember how bad it was to lose to someone that shouldn't have beat me. I'm convinced that it will make me work that much harder not to let it happen again. I got fourth at state as a Junior, which is pretty good, but that match will remain in my memory forever, and it will make me shoot for bigger and better things this year.

Anarchy and Knowledge Essay

Paul Fereraband argues in his (1975) essay on science that myth, selective storytelling, and rationalized scientific technique overlap. This requires one to consider the relation between myth (or narrative) and the scientific method, specifically in indicting the latter of dabbling in the former. This method is embedded in conscience because there is a â€Å"story† behind it, one of progress, of the continuing betterment of mankind using terms that science cannot define. â€Å"Progress† and â€Å"betterment† are not scientific terms, but moral ones that lie outside the scientific mode of discourse. Science has appropriated them nevertheless. Science is based on myth, as are all modes of understanding. But the similarities of science and myth are worth discussing. There are taboo subjects in both. For a scientist to consider creationism as a serious challenge to evolutionism is to end his career. The idea is met with horror no differently than the African â€Å"common sense† style Feyeraband vaguely speaks of in his essay. They both believe they are deriving their truths from the sacred, in science’s case, the immutable laws of nature that are said to proceed from a void without cause. But even more startling, Feyerabend is concerned with the modes by which science has won its vaunted victory over religion. In Europe, science overpowered, rather than convinced, its religious rivals. Technology more than anything else â€Å"proved† science as â€Å"better† than religion. In world politics, western forms of politics and economy were imposed on the southern world, or developing world, snuffing out older methods of collecting knowledge. Is there anything of value that was crushed? Or is the story of western colonialism–that of bringing enlightenment to the natives–completely true? Feyerabend writes â€Å"there is separation between church and state, but no separation between state and science† It is merely thought to be true in itself. There is no choice involved, but this lack of choice does not derive from truth per se, but from the fact that science has the money and state power to impose itself where it will. He continues: State and science, however, work closely to-ether. Immense sums are spent on the improvement of scientific ideas. Bastard subjects such as the philosophy of science which have not a single discovery to their credit profit from the boom of the sciences. Even human relations are dealt with in a scientific manner, as is shown by education programmes, proposals for prison reform, army training, and so on. Almost all scientific subjects are compulsory subjects in our schools. While the parents of a six-year-old child can decide to have him instructed in the rudiments of Protestantism, or in the rudiments of the Jewish faith, or to omit religious instruction altogether, they do not have a similar freedom in the case of the sciences. Physics, astronomy, history must be learned. They cannot be replaced by magic, astrology, or by a study of legends. Science was never accepted by majority vote. It was imposed. It was imposed because there is a difference between science, or the collection of knowledge, and the scientific establishment, or even further, the specific method(s) of science. â€Å"Facts† and schools of thought are accepted because scientific specialists, making up the scientific establishment, agree with them. In a telling passage, our author writes: We see: facts alone are not strong enough for making us accept, or reject, scientific theories, the range they leave to thought is too wide; logic and methodology eliminate too much, they are too narrow. In between these two extremes lies the ever-changing domain of human ideas and wishes But this, while likely the case, is not part of the narrative of scientific discourse as revealed to the public. One is taught that theory derives from facts, and that facts dictate theory, hence, theory is true, it corresponds with the â€Å"facts. † But this is far from the method by which theories are sought, â€Å"proved† and, just as important, imposed on the public who is mostly willing to allow themselves to be informed from above. It is the fact that science says x that makes x true for the vast bulk of the population. Scientific theory is not based on correspondence, but on coherence. In other words, there is an agenda to which science must conform. Modern democratic politics takes everything apart; modern radical ideologies attack ever element of society; critics and writers demand strict accounting for all moral and political ideologies and movements in society, but science alone escapes their glare. It is considered merely â€Å"true,† it is untouchable. In some bizarre method of social alchemy, it partakes of the sacred, it has taken over from religion completely. Furthermore, the story that science tells the world that it and it alone are responsible for the great discoveries of the enlightenment, without in the lest giving credit to the religious and traditional forms of knowledge that have leaked into science, or the nature of alternative forms of discourse in developing theories and discoveries. Science is imperial at its root. What is more, Feyeraband, as well as many others such as Eric Voegelin and Stephen MacKnight, have delved into the connection between modern scientific theories and the Lodges of Freemasonry, secret societies such as the Lunar Society of England, and the facts of progress deriving from the ancient gnostics and neo-Platonists. These have been written out of the mythological scheme of science with the aim of garnering all the credit–and hence prestige and grant money–to themselves. The narrative of science’s victory over other forms of knowledge and method is selective. It retains what it wants, ignores the others. MacKnight has written substantially about the relation between modern science and the alchemists of Renaissance Italy such as Bruno and Ficino. These in turn, derive their ideas from Plotinus and the neo-Platonists after the time of Christ, all of which are immeasurably part of the development and eventual victory of western science over its rivals. But there is no disconnect between science and religion here, there is a rather harmonious cooperation, a cooperation not spoken of in any but the most specialized and obscure journals. The doctrine of the Enlightenment in 18th century England and France is largely responsible for this problem. These writers, Helevitus and Condorcet in France, Bacon in England, envisioned a society run exclusively by reason, the world under the guise of cause and effect, i. e. â€Å"Science. † Hence, they told a story of the gradual Enlightenment of man from the â€Å"stone age† to the Greeks, to the medievals to themselves. Each step of the development saw â€Å"myth† gradually stripped away, leaving the kernel of reason. This idea is central to the positivism of Comte and the historicism of Hegel. The problem lies in history: there is no evidence that ancient societies were â€Å"backward† in relation to the modern. The building of the pyramids, the Roman road, the Gothic, and ancient Irish and Chinese medicine all belie the fact that the â€Å"old days† were backward and myth-ridden. There is much evidence to the contrary. What has happened is that the western idea of science, through military and political indoctrination, has convinced the world that myth is evil and for the ignorant, while science–and the development of the western idea in the Enlightenment–will fulfill the greatest desires of mankind. Feyeraband writes: There was the domestication of animals, the invention of rotating agriculture, new types of plants were bred and kept pure by careful avoidance of cross fertilisation, we have chemical inventions, we have a most amazing art that can compare with the best achievements of the present. True, there were no collective excursions to the moon, but single individuals, disregarding great dangers to their soul and their sanity, rose from sphere to sphere to sphere until they finally faced God himself in all His splendour while others changed into animals and back into humans again. At all times man approached his surroundings w’ h wide open senses and a fertile intelligence, at all times he made incredible discoveries, at all times we can learn from his ideas. The Enlightenment myth can no longer hold water. History cannot be conveniently and ideologically divided into periods of ancient-medieval-modern any longer, for the ancient had as many â€Å"modern† ideas as the present, and the modern is as dogmatic as the medieval. To silence former ages in the development of science is to hurt it, and to hurt us. Works Cited Primary Source Text: http://www. marxists. org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/ge/feyerabe. htm

Relationship Between Private and Public Police

Relationship between Private and Public Police G00fydad CJS/250 March 10, 2013 John Doe Relationship between Private and Public Police The police in our society carry with them a deep sense of tradition and honor that stems from generations of serving and protecting the public. This pride can, at times, lead some police to believe that they are the last line of defense with the public they serve and any other entity that appears to be encroaching on that territory should be mistrusted.This attitude does not mix well with others attempting to perform the same job function such as private security. Thankfully this is not the consensus of all public police officers. Most public police understand that they require the assistance of the private sector and will welcome the help where it is offered. The public police also understand that that private security entities are often times the first to respond at many of the incidents that later involve the public police.It has been estimated tha t nearly 85 percent of the country’s critical infrastructure is protected by private security (Ohlhausen, 2004). When the private security firms handle such a large majority of the policing duties it is essential that the relationship between the private and public police forces relate well to one another and cooperate whenever possible. One of the largest issues with the relationship between the public and private police stems from the general population’s opinion.The public police are looked upon as the legitimate police force and the private security departments are looked upon with very little respect by the community at large. This can be seen at most shopping malls when someone is committing a crime. When the security officer intervenes that situation may only deescalate slightly and the participants still look upon the security officer with little respect. However, when a public police officer arrives the situation is typically handled swiftly and all parties in volved take things far more serious.This image of private security officers and the relationship they hold with the public police is often exacerbated by the media in television and movies. They portray the security officers as lazy, bumbling, and not very smart. Of course these are the media’s vision of private security, but this is the general public consensus about the private security firms. This attitude and lack clear role definition of the private security field is a major roadblock in path of cooperation between the public and private sectors.According to a report issued by the Private Security Advisory Council, the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, and the U. S. Department Of Justice the major causes for the role conflict problems is a lack of mutual respect, lack of communication, lack of cooperation, lack of law enforcement’s knowledge of private security, perceived competition, lack of standards, and perceived corruption (1977). This separation of the public and private police is becoming less noticeable these days thanks to the education of both sides.The public and private police understand that they require the help and cooperation of each other. For example, with regard to public and private space, the public police must have probable cause or a warrant issued by a judge in order to search a location. The private security officer does not require any such warrant. The private security officer only needs to conduct the search within the confines of his or her allowable space, or the area in which they normally operate.For instance, a public police officer may not be allowed to come into an office building and search the office for narcotics without a warrant, but the company’s security officer is fully allowed to search the premises and turn over any evidence found. This definition between public and private space can be an advantage to public police. However, if the private security does not feel obliged to coopera te then the public police will need to work through other, longer, channels to get their job completed.This can happen if the private security feels that they would rather handle an incident of criminal activity internally and will not allow the public police to intervene in the process. The private security entities make this decision from time to time for a variety of reasons including the mistrust of the court system to fully sanction the offender and the feeling that the current court system is a â€Å"revolving door† situation. It is situations such as these that prevent our public police and private security from having a truly unifying system.According to Boston Massachusetts Transit Police Chief Joseph C. Carter, since September 11, 2001 law enforcement agencies have been under tremendous pressure to conduct their traditional crime prevention and response activities and perform an immense amount of homeland security work, in a time of tight city, county, tribal, and s tate budgets (2007). In a time of financial crisis for all areas of the government we must rely on the private security development and ensure that the public police and the private security entities work together to keep things safe.In order for the public police and private security to truly work together government rules and regulations need to be enacted and the private sector would have to fall under the umbrella of government oversight. The private security entities would have to answer for the actions they take, and they would have to adhere to the same rules and regulations as public police. However, if this were to happen then the entire rules of search and seizure would have to change as well as many other law enforcement policies.Once this change takes place within the government the public and private police will be able to interact with little interference and issue making the ability to deal with crimes far easier. This will have the added benefit of improving not only the image of private security in the community’s eyes, but also the relationship between public and private police agencies. While the relationship between the public and private police agencies can be strained at times, and relaxed at others the cooperation between both is very important and should be encouraged by all involved.The public image of private security must also change and the officers within the realm of private security should be afforded the same respect and courtesy that public police already experience. This new attitude by the general populace coupled with government involvement and support will only serve to improve the relationship between public and private police. References Ohlhausen, P. (2004). In T Seamon (Chair). Building private security/public policing partnerships to prevent and respond to terrorism and public disorder. National policy summit.Retrieved from http://cops. usdoj. gov/files/RIC/Publications/national_policy_summit. pdf Bilek, A. (197 7, June). In A. Bilek (Chair). Law enforcement and private security sources and areas of conflict and strategies for conflict resolution. Retrieved from https://www. ncjrs. gov/pdffiles1/Digitization/44783NCJRS. pdf Carter, J. (2007). Public-private partnerships: Vital resources for law enforcement. Retrieved from http://www. policechiefmagazine. org/magazine/index. cfm? fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1257&issue_id=92007

s Syndrome

Understanding and living with a child that has a syndrome is a heart breaking experience. Today over thousands of parents have to live with children that have down’s syndrome. Children are born frequently with this type of disorder. If someone close had a disorder would you understand what was going on or do you even know what I am talking about? In 1866 the study of Down’s syndrome began. Physician John Langdon Down published and essay in England. The essay talked about a set of children who all looked alike and had mental retardation. These children also looked like people from Mongolia. In 1960 the name Down’s Syndrome became know to people. In the twentieth century there was speculation of a case of Down’s Syndrome. In the 1930’s Waardenburg and Bleyer came up with the theory that it might be chromosomal abnormalities. Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs found the trisomy of the 21st chromosome. Jerome and Patricia worked separately on the project. A chromosome is a â€Å"thread-like structure composed of DNA and other proteins,† stated Len. Chromosomes are in every cell. They carry the gentic information to the cell to develop. â€Å"Genes, which are units of information, are ‘encoded’ in the DNA,† stated Len. A human is divided into mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is were the body grows. In mitosis one cell converts to two cells and has the exact number as there parents. Meiosis occurs in the ovaries and the testicles. The one cell will split into two cells. When this happens cells have half the chromosomes the parents have. Down’s syndrome or trisomy 21 is the most common autosomal trisomy. Mader stated â€Å"trisomy is having three of a particular type of chromosome,† and â€Å"autosomal is any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair.† Chromosome 21 usually has one copy and in Down’s Syndrome it has two. Down’s Syndrome has three copies in chromosome 21. In most cases the sperm had the extra 21 ch... 's Syndrome Free Essays on Down\'s Syndrome Understanding and living with a child that has a syndrome is a heart breaking experience. Today over thousands of parents have to live with children that have down’s syndrome. Children are born frequently with this type of disorder. If someone close had a disorder would you understand what was going on or do you even know what I am talking about? In 1866 the study of Down’s syndrome began. Physician John Langdon Down published and essay in England. The essay talked about a set of children who all looked alike and had mental retardation. These children also looked like people from Mongolia. In 1960 the name Down’s Syndrome became know to people. In the twentieth century there was speculation of a case of Down’s Syndrome. In the 1930’s Waardenburg and Bleyer came up with the theory that it might be chromosomal abnormalities. Jerome Lejeune and Patricia Jacobs found the trisomy of the 21st chromosome. Jerome and Patricia worked separately on the project. A chromosome is a â€Å"thread-like structure composed of DNA and other proteins,† stated Len. Chromosomes are in every cell. They carry the gentic information to the cell to develop. â€Å"Genes, which are units of information, are ‘encoded’ in the DNA,† stated Len. A human is divided into mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis is were the body grows. In mitosis one cell converts to two cells and has the exact number as there parents. Meiosis occurs in the ovaries and the testicles. The one cell will split into two cells. When this happens cells have half the chromosomes the parents have. Down’s syndrome or trisomy 21 is the most common autosomal trisomy. Mader stated â€Å"trisomy is having three of a particular type of chromosome,† and â€Å"autosomal is any chromosome other than the sex-determining pair.† Chromosome 21 usually has one copy and in Down’s Syndrome it has two. Down’s Syndrome has three copies in chromosome 21. In most cases the sperm had the extra 21 ch...

What To Do If You Find A Baby Squirrel

What To Do If You Find A Baby Squirrel Grey squirrels are abundant in many parts of the United States. And it is right around now that these frequently spotted mammals are having their babies. Grey squirrels have babies twice a year - in the early spring  and the late summer. So it is that time of year again when baby squirrels may be just making their first  appearances or even venturing from their nest.   Grey squirrels typically have three to four babies in each litter. By four weeks of age, the babies  eyes open and by six weeks, the young are making their way out of the nest. By the time they reach eight or nine weeks of  age, baby squirrels are no longer nursing and are generally able to survive on their own in the wild. So its a short window in which baby squirrels rely on their mothers to survive. But despite their  mothers best intentions during this period, it doesnt take much - a storm, a downed tree, or  prowling house pets - to seperate a young baby squirrel from its mother.   What should you do if you find a baby squirrel in need of help? For starters, you should assess whether or not the squirrel is injured. Is it bleeding or does it  appear to have broken bones? Do you see any wounds? Was the squirrel being attacked by a cat? If you answered yes to any of these questions, contact your local wildlife emergency center as soon as possible.   If youre not sure whom to call, start with your local animal shelter or police station. They should  have contact information for your nearest wildlife hospital or rehabilitation center. If the squirrel is not injured, and it looks like it weighs around a half a pound or so, it may just  be old enough to survive on its own. A good rule of thumb is that if the squirrel is old enough to run  from you, it is old enough to take care of itself.   If you do decide to pick up the squirrel in order to evaluate it, be sure to wear thick leather gloves  before handling. Even baby squirrels can have a strong bite! According to the Wildlife Center of Virginia, if the squirrels tail is fluffed out and it weighs more than 6.5 ounces, it does not need human intervention in order to survive. If not, the squirrel may still need to nurse and be cared for by its mother.If you can locate the nest, place the baby in a box with an open lid at the base of the tree where the nest is located, If it is cold out, add a bag of warmed rice or hand warmers to the box to keep the baby warm while it waits for its mother. Check back frequently to see if the mother has found and relocated her baby. If not, call a wildlife rehabilitator to reassess the situation. Whatever you do, do NOT attempt to bring the baby squirrel home and raise it as a pet. While they may seem cute and cuddly as babies, squirrels are wild animals and it wont take long before they need to get back out into the wild. But too much time around humans could make it more difficult for a squireel to survive on its own. When in doubt, call your local wildlife rehabilitators and they can talk you through the situation and  help you assess whether or not human intervention is needed. In many cases, nature can take care of itself and the baby squirrel can survive just fine without your help. But if help is needed, there are teams of professional and volunteer rehabilitators that can assist a young animal in getting back on its feet.

Overview of Administrative Divisions of Countries Around the World

Overview of Administrative Divisions of Countries Around the World People understand that the United  States is organized into fifty states and that Canada has ten provinces and three territories. However, some are less familiar with how the other nations of the world organize themselves into administrative units. The  CIA World Factbook  lists the names of every countrys administrative divisions, but lets look at some of those divisions used in other nations of the world: Brazil: Officially known as the Federative Republic of Brazil,  Brazil  is divided fairly simply into twenty-six states and the federal district of Brasilia, its  central capital city. This organization is similar to that of the United States system of states plus Washington, DC.  China: China is composed of twenty-two provinces, five autonomous regions (including Xizang or Tibet), three independent municipalities (Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Tianjin), and the new Special Administrative Region of Hong Kong. This complicated system reflects the complex ethnic makeup of China.  Ethiopia:  Ethiopia is divided into nine ethnically-based administrative regions and the federal capital, Addis Ababa.France:  Frances famous 96 departments (101 if you include the overseas French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion, and St. Pierre and Miquelon) are combined to form twenty-two regions.Germany: Germany is divided simply,  into sixteen states.  India: India is home to t wenty-five states and seven union territories. Indonesia:  13,500-island Indonesia has twenty-four provinces, two special regions, and a special capital city district (Jakarta Raya).Italy: Italy is simply divided, into twenty individual regions.Japan:  The island nation of  Japan has forty-seven prefectures.Mexico: Mexicos long-form name is the United Mexican States. It is composed of thirty-one states and the federal district of the capital, Mexico City.Russia: The Russian Federation is slightly complicated. Its composed of forty-nine oblasts, twenty-one autonomous republics, ten autonomous okrugs, six krays, two federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg), and one autonomous oblast (Yevreyskaya).South Africa:  Before 1994, South Africa was divided into four provinces and four homelands. Today, South Africa is divided into nine provinces (Eastern Cape, Free State, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Mpumalanga, North-West, Northern Cape, Northern Province, and Western Cape.)Spain: Spain is composed of seventeen autonomous communities . Nine of these autonomous communities are further divided into two to nine provinces each. The United Kingdom:  The United Kingdom  is the appropriate name for the region that includes Great Britain (the island composed of England, Scotland, and Wales) and Northern Ireland. Each region of the UK has a different internal structure. England is composed of thirty-nine counties and seven metropolitan counties (including Greater London). Northern Ireland is composed of twenty-six districts, and Wales has eight counties. Finally, Scotland includes nine regions and three islands areas.Vietnam:  Vietnam is composed of fifty provinces and three municipalities (Ha Noi, Hai Phong, and Ho Chi Minh). While all the administrative subdivisions used in each nation have some means of local governance, how they interact with the national governing body and their methods for communicating with one another varies significantly from nation to nation. In some nations, the subdivisions have a notable amount of autonomy and are allowed to set fairly independent policies and even their own laws, while in other nations the administrative subdivisions exist only to facilitate the implementation of national laws and policies. In nations with clearly drawn ethnic divisions, the administrative units may follow these ethnic lines to the extent that each has its own official language or dialect.

Reading summaries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Reading summaries - Essay Example This approach considers intoxication to be a positive thing and a state of enhancement. It describes intoxication as, â€Å"a form of bodily pleasure†. This perception is in complete disagreement with the first perception. According to this article, despite the fact that the harm caused by intoxication cannot be disputed, the campaign aimed at changing drinking practices is hindered by the gap between public health and general understanding of intoxication. For instance, the article points out that, recent researches have revealed that the youth might be involved in drinking as a part of â€Å"a wide-ranging culture of hedonistic consumption† (Keane 2009, P. 142). The article asserts that for there to be any meaningful outcome from such campaigns, there needs to be a proper understanding of the various uses of alcohol and the influence of social culture on drinking culture. There should also be more understanding of the nature and impact of controlled alcohol consumption among the youth. Not until there is a proper understanding by the public health on alcohol consumption and the pleasure and risks involved that there shall be a solution for the problem. Public health and the general public sho uld have a general understanding of these aspects of alcoholism and

Speech class assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Speech class assignment - Essay Example Audience analysis is essential for gathering situational information. Situational information refers to the context under which a speaker will deliver one’s speech. To begin with, a speaker should know the size of the expected intended audience. This is useful for presentation materials such as visual aids, which the whole audience should adequately see (Hamilton 73). In addition, the speaker should know an audience’s intention of attending a lecture such that one gauges the interest that such people will pay to the speech. Other factors include the audience’s knowledge of a person such that the speaker assesses the trust that one will receive from the audience. In addition, audience analysis is crucial for understanding an audience’s mastery of a given topic. A speaker should be cautious not to overestimate an audience’s comprehension of a subject. This is because the speaker may become too abstract for an audience, which is highly likely to shift attention in case of incomprehensible speech. Such analysis would help the speaker in explaining theoretical concepts entailed in the speech before the actual presentation. On the other hand, presenting a simplistic discussion to a knowledgeable audience may kill its enthusiasm. Audience analysis helps a speaker unravel the demographics of an audience. The demographic factors include ethnic background, age, income status, class, religion, gender, and other related factors. These factors help a speaker articulate a speech in order to address the needs of an audience. It is essential to note that an individual is highly likely to pay attention to a speech that addresses one’s needs. A speaker, however, should be careful not to stereotype an audience because individuals are more complicated than simplistic categorizations. Categorization, therefore, is only important for giving attention to immediate

Internet and social media Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Internet and social media - Article Example I know a friend of mine, since childhood who used to remain very quiet in the classroom until few years ago. His name is John. He used to speak very rarely, and did not participate in group discussions. He remained silent and kept observing others. I seldom saw him speak in gatherings. I always found him more defensive than expressive in his speech. He could not bear someone contradicting his points of view or pass an indecent comment as friends normally do. This is perhaps the reason John did not participate in group discussions. But this John is completely different from the one I have in my friends list on facebook. John is too expressive in the virtual world. One day, I asked John the reason behind the disparity between his real world social interaction and that in the virtual world. He told me that he felt more protected while interacting in the virtual world. One reason why he thinks so is that he does not have to come up with prompt answers to the nasty comments made by his fr iends. When someone sends him a message on facebook and criticizes him in anyway, he has more time to select the most rational answer from a variety of choices. I have personally noticed that his responses to others’ comments on facebook are much more objective, well synthesized and well reasoned than what he normally makes in the real world conversation.

Histroy 101 Western Civ Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Histroy 101 Western Civ - Essay Example The role of the Persian Wars in shaping the relationship between Athens and the other Greek city states First of all, the Persian Wars helped Athens to be a remarkable naval power within the Greek city-states. The Greek attempt to be free from the authoritarian rule of Persian rulers resulted in Persian Wars and the Greek victory in the end. Lim makes clear that â€Å"With Athens at the helm, the city-states brought under Persian control began to rebel, beginning a conflict known as the Persian Wars (circa 499-479 BC)† (41). Within this context, the Persians considered the Greek victory as insignificant. On the other side, the Greek city-states under Athens and Sparta considered that the victory in Persian Wars helped them to enjoy liberty. One can easily identify that the Persian influence among the Greek city-states, before the Persian Wars, was based upon despotism. But the Greek city-states were not ready to be under the Persian rule. To be specific, the Persian Wars can b e evaluated as the Greek attempt to be independent and democratic. Within this scenario, the role of the Persian Wars in shaping the relationship between Athens and the other Greek city states is significant. ... But this cohesion was not long lasting because Sparta was against the ultimate control of Athens over the Greek city-states. But the military and maritime supremacy acquired by Athens helped her to emerge as the most powerful city-state. For instance, the victories in Marathon, Plataea etc, helped Athens to be most powerful and influential. To be specific, the Athenian supremacy in land and water forced the Greek city-states to accept Athens as their leader. But this did not help much to reduce the scope of future conflict between Athens and Sparta. Later, the Persians made use of Sparta as a tool to destroy the unity among Greek city-states. In short, Persian Wars united the Greek city-states under Athens. Moreover, the Persian Wars paved the way for the formation of Delian League (alliance of Greek city-states against Persian invasion) under Athens. Why did the Persian Wars lead to the Peloponnesian War? As pointed out, Sparta was not ready to accept the leadership of Athens among the Greek city-states. This eventually led to the Peloponnesian War, which was fought between Athens and Sparta (say, Peloponnesian League). The victory in the Persian Wars did not extinguish the Spartan jealousy over Athenian supremacy. Within this scenario, the Persians considered the Peloponnesian War between Athens and Sparta as a golden chance to instill hatred among the Greek city-states. Their idea proved to be successful because the Peloponnesian War wiped out the unity among the Greek city-states. The Persian camp exploited the conflict between Athens and Sparta to destroy the cohesion among the Greek city-states. To an extent, the Persian idea became successful because Athens and Sparta were never able to regain their previous status.

British Newspaper Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Newspaper Industry - Case Study Example The result was the Press Complaints Commission (PCC), which was established in 1991 to strengthen and magnify the self-regulatory functions of the Press Council, which was the industry's regulatory body for nearly 40 years. In scope and coverage, the old Press Council was limited since its membership was confined to newspaper publishers. For a change, the PCC was constituted in such a way that its membership would be shared equally between representatives of the newspaper industry and those coming from the cross-section of British society. At present, the PCC consists of 16 members, eight of whom are publishers, editors and practicing journalists and the eight others are laymen. This lends the council an image of independence, free from possible influence of both the newspaper industry and government. For the same reason, the council left out government as possible source of its operational budget and instead relied on the largesse of newspaper companies whose funding contribution is arranged on a pro-rata basis. Publishers contribute a levy to PCC based on their companies' market share, with the Press Standards Board of Finance, an entirely separate body, collecting the money. In essence, the PCC receives and resolves complaints from members of the general public about the editorial content of newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. The report in question may be false and inaccurate as to put someone in a bad light. It could be misleading or intrudes into a person's right to privacy. Whatever the complaint brought to the attention of PCC, it tries to settle the case within 25 working days without any charges from the complaining public. So far, its service has been described as quick and efficient (PCC handbook). Once the PCC receives a complaint, which could be by regular mail, telephone, fax or e-mail, it starts by assessing if there is a valid cause for action. If there is, the council then refers the complaint to the concerned newspaper, which is obliged to run it in full without any embellishment that might distort the meaning of the complaint. In 2005, PCC received 3,654 complaints, of which 2 out of 3 involved inaccurate reporting and 1 out of 5 alleged intrusion into privacy. Of the complaints that don't involve breach of journalistic ethics, 9 out of 10 are resolved without the slightest delay (PCC). Pinkerton, R. (2002) observes that 97 percent of all the complaints PCC handles from year to year are resolved in favor of the complainants. Only 3 percent is tossed to the regular courts for adjudication because an apology would not suffice in these cases, or the editors cited in the complaints are convinced they have done no wrong and believe the courts will vindicate them. PCC ensures that it is accessible to all by operating Helpline, a 24-hour Advice Line, an Internet site and a Textphone service. Helpline assists everyone in lodging a complaint, while the Advice Line handles urgent complaints round the clock. The Textphone service provides assistance to people with hearing defects and the website makes relevant information available. The PCC also runs regular public service ads on how to make a complaint against erring newspapers in various minority languages

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL & ORGANISATIONAL HEALTH Essay

THE PSYCHOLOGY OF INDIVIDUAL & ORGANISATIONAL HEALTH - Essay Example Stress, as a term, has been – and still is – an issue of diverse opinions. In the past, defining stress was an effort, mainly concentrated on the physiological side of the problem. However; stress in nowadays’ terms can be expanded to a notion covering a much wider range of mental and physical reactions to various stimuli. According to sources of the American Stress Association (AIS), stress could be defined as â€Å"a condition or feeling, experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal and social resources the individual is able to mobilize†. Also listed are other classifications, defining stress as "the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change," as well as â€Å"the sense of having little or no control.† A common idea of the aforesaid information is the mention of a feeling or experience (positive or negative), caused by a reaction to outside good or bad factors, respectively. So, in order to proceed with th e term, having a domain that is adequately large, stress shall be thus generalized. On with its analysis, a further look at causes of stress, or specifically distress, would be of significance. In the conditions of a lifestyle, so rapid as it is today, stress is simply inevitable. The jobs of people quite often require them to meet deadlines, push for higher productivity, compete with other businesses or employees, and â€Å"increasing pressure on the individual worker to constantly operate at peak performance,† among a number of other things which produce an effect on anyone’s nervous system, namely stress (Stress at Work). In addition, the current economic recession ads heat to the situation at the job. â€Å"Reorganizations, takeovers, mergers, downsizing and other changes have become major stressors for employees,† which is now common, regardless of profession and age. Of course, there are supplementary factors, such as adjusting toward work

British Newspaper Industry Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

British Newspaper Industry - Case Study Example The result was the Press Complaints Commission (PCC), which was established in 1991 to strengthen and magnify the self-regulatory functions of the Press Council, which was the industry's regulatory body for nearly 40 years. In scope and coverage, the old Press Council was limited since its membership was confined to newspaper publishers. For a change, the PCC was constituted in such a way that its membership would be shared equally between representatives of the newspaper industry and those coming from the cross-section of British society. At present, the PCC consists of 16 members, eight of whom are publishers, editors and practicing journalists and the eight others are laymen. This lends the council an image of independence, free from possible influence of both the newspaper industry and government. For the same reason, the council left out government as possible source of its operational budget and instead relied on the largesse of newspaper companies whose funding contribution is arranged on a pro-rata basis. Publishers contribute a levy to PCC based on their companies' market share, with the Press Standards Board of Finance, an entirely separate body, collecting the money. In essence, the PCC receives and resolves complaints from members of the general public about the editorial content of newspapers, magazines and other periodicals. The report in question may be false and inaccurate as to put someone in a bad light. It could be misleading or intrudes into a person's right to privacy. Whatever the complaint brought to the attention of PCC, it tries to settle the case within 25 working days without any charges from the complaining public. So far, its service has been described as quick and efficient (PCC handbook). Once the PCC receives a complaint, which could be by regular mail, telephone, fax or e-mail, it starts by assessing if there is a valid cause for action. If there is, the council then refers the complaint to the concerned newspaper, which is obliged to run it in full without any embellishment that might distort the meaning of the complaint. In 2005, PCC received 3,654 complaints, of which 2 out of 3 involved inaccurate reporting and 1 out of 5 alleged intrusion into privacy. Of the complaints that don't involve breach of journalistic ethics, 9 out of 10 are resolved without the slightest delay (PCC). Pinkerton, R. (2002) observes that 97 percent of all the complaints PCC handles from year to year are resolved in favor of the complainants. Only 3 percent is tossed to the regular courts for adjudication because an apology would not suffice in these cases, or the editors cited in the complaints are convinced they have done no wrong and believe the courts will vindicate them. PCC ensures that it is accessible to all by operating Helpline, a 24-hour Advice Line, an Internet site and a Textphone service. Helpline assists everyone in lodging a complaint, while the Advice Line handles urgent complaints round the clock. The Textphone service provides assistance to people with hearing defects and the website makes relevant information available. The PCC also runs regular public service ads on how to make a complaint against erring newspapers in various minority languages

The role of ghrelins Essay Example for Free

The role of ghrelins Essay Ghrelin is a general name for a class of hormones found in the gastrointestinal tract of vertebrates. It is a preprohormone containing a chain of 28 amino acid peptides. During synthesis, a modification arises whereas n-octanoic acid is bound to one of its amino acids. This makes it capable of playing its biological role. Ghrelins are synthesized at the fundus lining the stomach. It is primarily produced by epithelial cells lining the fundus. However, smaller amounts have also been detected in the kidneys, placenta, hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. (Brown, 2006) The ghrelin receptor was known before the discovery of ghrelin. It is located in the anterior pituitary and stimulates secretion of growth hormone when activated. It was named GHS-R or growth hormone secretagoue receptor. In 1999, Kojima et al. announced that they have discovered the natural ligand for GHS-R.   They named it ghrelin, deriving it form the word â€Å"ghre† which means grow in Proto-Indo-European languages. They obtained it from rat stomach and investigated its role in pituitary growth hormone and energy homeostasis functions. (Kojima Kangawa, 2004) Roles of ghrelin Ghrelin is the ligand of GHS-r. Its signal together with that of semostatin and other growth hormone inducers control the timing as well as the magnitude of growth hormone excretion. It is suggested that the stomach releases ghrelin into the bloodstream, where it is conveyed to the potiuitary gland, triggering the release of growth hormone. Kanagawa et al. found significant amounts of ghrelin in healthy people.(Kojima et al., 1999) In 2000, Ezio Ghigo et al. discovered that ghrelin injections led to prolonged increase of growth hormone concentrations in the blood. (Dickson, 1999)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ghrelin   also seems to stimulate appetite. Lab tests in rats show ann increase in body weight after ghrelin injections. This effect is independent of ghrelin’s role in GH stimulation. In people, a popular side effect of taking ghrelin containing drugs was the sensation of intense hunger. About 80% of test participants in a study to test ghrelins growth hormone functions also suffered an increase of appetite. It was found that ghrelin concentration in the blood increases as a person grows hungry and decreases as that person’s hunger is sated.   Another study showed that people injected with ghrelin before meals increased their food intake by 30%. (Cummings et al., 2002) Another study also showed that resting   ghrelin levels rise as net body weight decreases and returns once a set point is reached. This means that the body regulates ghrelin levels based on a specific body weight attainment, making you hungrier as you lose more weight. Persons with anorexia nervosa, a disorder in which people starve themselves show extremely high amounts of ghrelin. But it seems in their cases, their body does not listen. (Travis, 2002)The increase of ghrelins is also related to time as discovered by Yildiz et al. An increase in ghrelin was noted between midnight to dawn, mhowever, hunger is suppressed by other hormones, making it easier to fall asleep and eat in the morning after.(Yildiz, Suchard, Wong, McCann, Licinio, 2004)Alos, lack of sleep particularly in obese persons lead to production of ghrelin and less production of leptin, the hormone which suppresses appetite. Ghrelin levels also decrease dramatically with the conduction of gastric bypass surgery. Animal research has also discovered that ghrelin may enhance memory and learning as it enters the hippocampus via the bloodstream. High ghrelin levels, particularly before meals when the stomach is empty may be the time most conducive to learning. (Philips, 2006) REFERENCES Brown, R. (2006). Ghrelin.  Ã‚   Retrieved March 11, 2007, from http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/ghrelin.html Cummings, D., Weigle, D., Frayo, R., Breen, P., Ma, M., Dellinger, E., et al. (2002). Plasma Ghrelin Levels after Diet-Induced Weight Loss or Gastric Bypass Surgery. New England Journal of Medicine(346), 1623-1630. Dickson, S. L. (1999). Ghrelin: A newly discovered hormone  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [Electronic Version]. British Society for Neuroenterology from http://neuroendo.org.uk/index.php/content/view/26/11/. Kojima, M., Hosoda, H., Date, Y., Nakazato, M., Matsuo, H., Kangawa, K. (1999). Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach. Nature 402, 656-660 (402), 656-660. Kojima, M., Kangawa, K. (2004). Ghrelin: Structure and Function   [Electronic Version]. Physiological Review, 85, 495-522. Retrieved March 11 2007. Philips, M. L. (2006). Hunger hormone tied to learning [Electronic Version]. The Scientist. Retrieved March 11 2007 from http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/23132/. Travis, J. (2002). The Hunger Hormone? [Electronic Version]. Science News Online, 161, 107. Retrieved March 11 2007 from http://www.sciencenews.org/articles/20020216/bob10.asp. Yildiz, B. O., Suchard, M. A., Wong, M.-L., McCann, S. M., Licinio, J. (2004). Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity [Electronic Version]. Medical Sciences. Retrieved March 11 2007 from http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=478601.

Periodontal Therapy Evaluation

Periodontal Therapy Evaluation Chapter One: Introduction The objectives of periodontal therapy as stated by the American Academy of Periodontology official guidelines are natural dentition preservation; periodontal health maintenance and improvement, comfort, esthetics, and function; and replacements provision where indicated. (Guidelines for periodontal therapy .J Periodontol 1998) Therefore, the reduction of bacterial deposits and calculus on tooth surface is one of the objectives of periodontal therapy. (Axelsson et al, 1991) This objective can be achieved with hand scalers and curettes or ultrasonic scaling instruments. (Drisko, 1998) Many clinical studies showed no difference between ultrasonic/sonic and manual procedures when treating chronic periodontitis. (Tunkel et al, 2002) Total removal of subgingival calculus with hand or ultrasonic instruments or even periodontal surgery is not possible even with periodontal surgery. (Buchanan et al., 1987; Kepic et al., 1990). While Aleo et al. (1974) demonstrated the presence of bacterial endotoxins on diseased roots; Hatfield Baumhammers (1971) first described the cytotoxic effect of diseased root surfaces in cell cultures. The former workers also detected that human gingival fibroblasts did not adhere in vitro to a root surface contaminated with LPS in 1975. Therefore, it was determined that the removal of the affected cementum was critical to the success of periodontal therapy. Nakib et al. (1982), however, in another in vitro study failed to demonstrate penetration of endotoxins into root cement of either periodontally healthy or diseased teeth. As a result, they considered intended excessive removal of cementum was not acceptable in treatment, which was reinforced by other workers findings. Also Eide et al. (1983, 1984) found that the thin cuticle seen on diseased root surfaces that was most likely stemmed from the inflammatory exudate and could mineralize so these cytotoxic substances can be incorporated. Hughes Smales (1986) and Hughes et al. (1988) also did not approve the removal of substantial amounts of cementum, as LPS was detected by immunohistochemical techniques only on the cementum surface. Interestingly, Moore et al. (1986) demonstrated that virtually all the LPS associated with periodontally involved root surfaces could be removed just by rinsing and brushing. The root cementum has been studied for the presence of endotoxins as well as bacteria themselves. Hence for example Daly et al. (1982) observed in a histological study stainable bacteria in the cementum. They have showed that for a root surface to be free of contamination, cementum must be removed. Bacteria were also detected by Adriaens et al. (1988) in both the cementum and within the dentinal tubules. These authors as a result suggested the administration of chemotherapeutics to mechanical therapy in the treatment of periodontitis was required. Schroeder Rateitschak-Pliiss (1983) sanctioned the findings of Daly et al. (1982) of resorption lacimae in the cementum showing defects of 30-80 /im in depth. Likewise they found that extensive root planing was essential to remove bacterial accumulation niches. From a clinical point of view the motive for the extensive removal of root surface material has been questioned recently. Nyman et al. (1986) disclosed in beagle dogs that for an effective treatment of periodontitis the removal of so-called diseased cementum was not needed. The roots, following flap elevation, were instrumented with curettes and a diamond bur on one side of the jaw and on the contralateral side were only cleaned with interdental rubber tips and rubber cups by means of a low abrasive polishing paste. The healing, which was assessed histometrically, was alike with both treatments and was distinguished by a junctional epithelium with subjacent non-inflamed connective tissue. Nyman et al. (1988) in a subsequent study in humans, compared results in which the root surface polishing was accompanied by calculus removal but not cementum and similar healing was again seen. Blomlof et al. (1987), in another investigation on monkeys, found new attachment to the teeth treated with detergents rather than scaling. The effects of root scaling in an in vitro model system (Lie Meyer 1977) have been studied using SEM methods and limited to semi-quantitative assessments with the Loss of Tooth Substance Index (LTSI) score. Others have tried to determine the loss of substance from the micrometer screw recordings in the light microscope, after focusing twice (Allen Rhoads 1963). The ultrasonic instrument, in a corresponding in vitro model, caused loss of tooth substance of about 250 pm and of about 50 /im after the curette use. Berkstein et al. (1987) measured the diameter of the dental root with a micrometer caliper before and after single treatment with the curette, detecting a loss of substance of about 27 pxn. The effectiveness of the procedures of root planing can be studied in two different ways. The first one, In vivo studies, by evaluating healing of tissues around the treated teeth, and the other one, in vitro studies, directly following extraction of teeth after SRP in order to observe the characteristics and cleanliness of the root planed surfaces (Kepic et al, 1990). The stereomicroscope has been used by many authors to assess the residual calculus after extraction of the root planed teeth. However, to achieve a precise study to accurately evaluate root planed surfaces, scanning electron microscope (SEM) is a prerequisite (Rateitschak-Plà ¼ss et al, 1992). Many studies, concerning both microbiological and clinical aspects, have reported beneficial results from mechanical therapy (O’ Leary et al 1986; Ash et al, 1964; Sbordone, 1990). The hand instruments, ever since, were the first choice of clinicians. These instruments believed to produce a smooth root surface; yet, considerable manual dexterity is essential for their effective operation. Also, they are so time consuming and do not have the capability of reaching deeper root surface where pockets are more than 4 mm deep (Waerhaug, 1978; Rabbani et al, 1981 ). Ultrasonic tips were formerly designed for gross scaling and supragingival calculus and stains removal. Currently, modifications have been made to these power driven instruments to have longer working lengths and smaller diameter tips, thus providing better access to deep probing sites and more effective subgingival instrumentation. Ultrasonic instruments are easy to use; yet, it is often challenging to achieve a smooth and calculus free root surface (Moskow, 1972; Jones, 1972). Studies assessing variations in the magnitude of root surface changes created by hand, sonic, and ultrasonic instruments are lacking (Walmsley et al, 2008; Oda et al, 2004; Kocher et al, 2002). Bearing in mind manual and ultrasonic scalers, some reports show that manual scalers remove more root substance (Jacobson et al, 1994), while others showed that ultrasonic scalers do so (Oda et al, 2004). Concurrently, roughness of root surface after instrumentation is one of the most described changes in the literature. The relationship between the design of the tip, applied force, angulations and ultrasonic scaler type has been reviewed and all of these variables appear to explain the roughness of instrumented root surfaces (Flemmig et al, 1998). Ribeiro et al (2006) revealed that scaling with universal ultrasonic tips and diamond-coated sonic produced similar root surface roughness, which was more than that produced by hand curettes. Furthermore, another study by (Casarin et al, 2006) showed a positive influence of the ultrasonic scaler power settings on the roughness of the surface after instrumentation. As reported by those authors, more increased roughness was noted with greater settings of power. Lie and Leknes (1985) assessed the variations produced at different power settings by means of a subjective and controversial method, the Roughness Loss of Tooth Substance Index (RLTSI). The RLTSI assesses roughness and substance loss concurrently. Nevertheless, the loss of tooth substance with the use of a specific instrument cannot be straightway correlated with the root surface roughness (Kocher, 2002; Schmidlin et al, 2001), requiring a separate evaluation (Schmidlin et al, 2001).

Belief systems :: essays research papers

Belief Systems The religious beliefs of people along the Silk Road at the beginning of the 1st century BCE were very different from what they would later become. When China defeated the nomadic Xiongnu confederation and pushed Chinese military control northwest as far as the Tarim Basin (in the 2nd century BCE), Buddhism was known in Central Asia but was not yet widespread in China nor had it reached elsewhere in East Asia. Christianity was still more than a century in the future. Daoism, in the strict sense of that term, connoting an organized religion with an ordained clergy and an established body of doctrine, would not appear in China for another three centuries. Islam would be more than seven centuries in the future. The peoples of the Silk Road in its early decades followed many different religions. In the Middle East, many people worshiped the gods and goddesses of the Greco-Roman pagan pantheon. Others were followers of the old religion of Egypt, especially the cult of Isis and Osiris. Jewish merchants and other settlers had spread beyond the borders of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judea and had established their own places of worship in towns and cities throughout the region. Elsewhere in the Middle East, and especially in Persia and Central Asia, many people were adherents of Zoroastrianism, a religion founded by the Persian sage Zoroaster in the 6th century BCE. It posited a struggle between good and evil, light and darkness; its use of fire as the symbol of the purifying power of good was probably borrowed from the Brahmanic religion of ancient India. The Greek colonies of Central Asia that had been left behind after the collapse of the empire of Alexander the Great had, by the 1st c entury BCE, largely converted from Greco-Roman paganism to Buddhism, a religion that would soon use the Silk Road to spread far and wide. In India, on side routes of the Silk Road that crossed the passes to the Indus Valley and beyond, the older religion of Brahmanism had given way to Hinduism and Buddhism; the former never spread far beyond India and Southeast Asia, while the latter eventually became worldwide in extent. Coming at last to China on our west-to-east survey of the ancient faith of the Silk Road, we .nd that rulers worshiped their own ancestors in great ancestral temples; they were joined by commoners in also worshiping deities of the earth, the four directions, mountains and rivers, and many others.

Essay --

Potato across Countries The cultivation of Potato has increased in the last fifty years all around the world. However, its consumption has decreased considerably for the past twenty years because in the developed countries. This is because these some of these developed countries have more abundant proteinous foods rather than depend on starchy food for survival. In the subsequent parts of this paper, the comparative analysis of potato in the China and France will be explored. It is believed that the Dutch introduced Potato in China around 1600. It has since been grown in the mountainous areas of western and northern China. It was not perceived with much vitality and its cultivation in China was not so important until the early years of the twentieth century. New varieties of exceedingly-yielding Potatoes and new technologies for harvesting and processing of the crop has substantially increased. The government of China began experimenting with Potato in the year 1914. Since then, improved varieties of Potato and advanced breeding methods have been discovered and put in to practice in China. Potato finally became of a highly important crop in China around the Second World War. This was a time when the nationalists and communists parties of the country and also the invading army of Japan discovered the advantages of a crop that can be grown easily, stored for considerable months and more easy to be transported. After the war ended, Potato cultivation exceed ingly increased all around China; most especially in â€Å"Ganzu, Guizhou, Inner part of Mongolia, Yunnan and Sichuan†. The crop could be cultivated over the winter even in the warmer region of the southern part of China. Consequently, in 1950 the production of Potato had the attained... ...rop became more abundant and relatively nutritious causing it to be grown by more sections of the French society. Potato helped support large families and population explosion in France just like in China. The French have their own Potato which differs from that of the Chinese and they are namely; White Wine Smashed Potatoes, Three-Cheese Potato Gratin and Potatoes Fondantes. Today, Potato is still grown mainly in the Southern region of France. New varieties are being planted with modernized farming equipment just like in China. Work Cited Smith, Andrew F. Potato: A Global History. London: Reaktion, 2011. Print. â€Å"Early History of the Potato in France.† The American Farmer; Devoted to Agriculture, Horticulture etc.(1881-1897) Jan 15 1893: 7. ProQuest. Web. 10 Nov. 2013. Reader, John. Potato: A History of the Propitious Esculent. New Haven: Yale UP, 2009. Print.

Discuss the dramatic significance of Hamlet Scene 1 Act 1 Essay

The play ‘Hamlet’ was written in tempestuous times for England. There was death caused by ‘The Plague’ and poverty was rampant. Much importance surrounded the outward support of the monarch, Elizabeth. During her reign, religion caused divisions and factions of the Protestant church considered the theatre as sinful, amoral perhaps. In his plays, Shakespeare uses his understanding of humanity to entertain by addressing love, power, loyalty, honour and friendship. These values address unchanging aspects that touch us even today. ‘Hamlet’ is intended to portray the importance of the monarchy and the insecurity created by the threat of a foreign invasion – the message being that anything can happen to anyone. This then is the underlying setting of the theme for ‘Hamlet’ – taking place on a dark winter night, creating suspense, intrigue and providing entertainment to an otherwise deprived audience. In the opening, Act 1 and Scene 1 of ‘Hamlet’, the playwright, William Shakespeare, uses several dramatical devices to influence the crowd’s moods, behaviour and attitude towards the play; this is known as psychological audience manipulation. Shakespeare cleverly uses one – dimensional characters to deliver background information to the audience in a more entertaining style. The setting – the guard – platform of the Castle, on a dark, wintry cold night at midnight further intensifies the dramatic effect. ‘Who’s there? ‘ – and ‘Quiet guard’ – these statements imply a foreboding. Immediately the audience is captivated, particularly when one associates midnight with evil. The statements: ‘Tis now struck twelve’ and ‘Bitter cold’ further add to the dramatic mood that is being created. Francisco’s admission: ‘I am sick at heart’ has a negative connotation, suggesting feelings of uneasiness. Bernardo’s reply: ‘ Bid them make haste ‘ – he is obviously scared of something. A reference to loyalty to the Sovereign follows, ‘Friends to this ground’ and ‘Liegemen to the Dane’- here Shakespeare uses a manipulative technique to address the importance of remaining patriotic – an aspect of life everyone can identify with. Again it is suggested that they are engulfed by darkness and they can only see that which is really close up to them: ‘ A piece of him’. By extending his hand, Horatio reassures the guards that he is a friend not a foe. There are sinister undertones at the outset of the scene, which effectively serve to introduce the tenor of the play. Despite this, there is a hint of humour and sarcasm by Horatio : ‘What, has his thing appear’d again to-night? ‘ An air of intrigue is created by this: it is not known what it is is actually being referred to. It is Marcellus who then goes on to explain to the audience what Horatio’s views are: ‘And will not let belief take hold of him’ – this means that he will not allow himself to believe anything of a supernatural nature. He has been invited to see if: ‘This apparition come’, but remains unyielding in his opinion: ‘ Tush, tush ’twill not appear’. Bernardo tries to convince Horatio, ‘Again assail your ears’. Another example is: ‘That are so fortified against our story’. Here he is openly addressing Horatio’s incredulity on the subject of the spectre. Bernardo recounts how the Ghost appeared and that the ‘Yond same star’ was in the same place, when it had originally appeared, adding to the drama and heralding its reappearance. An essentially frightened audience is introduced to the Ghost. ‘ Like the King that’s dead’. Even the originally sceptical Horatio is outwardly scared now, raising the intensity of the drama. ‘It harrows me with fear and wonder:’ he uses strong language. It therefore fell upon Horatio, who was encouraged by the other guards, to address the Ghost in order to attest that this spectre was real. The well spoken Horatio, the scholar states:’ What art thou that usurp’st this time of night’ – by this he suggests that the Ghost has upset the peace of the night and has taken ‘ That fair and warlike form’. By this reference, the audience is psychologically manipulated into feeling admiration for the dead king. He further challenges: ‘ By heaven I charge thee, speak! ‘ The scene continues and Horatio admits to believing because he has seen with the: ‘True avouch of mine own eyes’. Horatio recalls the previous battle with Denmark and Norway: this is political propaganda, which is the strong theme for the play, providing essential background information. This also casts a positive reflection of the previous king: ‘When he the ambitious Norway combated’ – this already gives the audience a positive reflection on the deceased King, as we are told of his bravery, ‘He smote the sledded Polacks on the ice. ‘ It also suggests that the king may have some unfinished business and that is why he has returned as the Ghost three times. Horatio warns the audience that: ‘This bodes some strange eruption to our state, ‘ moreover, this is a warning of the inevitability that: Denmark may be on the brink of war. There are other suggestions of this: ‘Daily cast of brazen cannon. ‘ This infers that people are working round the clock. All this creates a sense of apprehension. Shakespeare attempts to draw a parallel with ancient Rome: Horatio now eloquently delivers his views and this has a religious connotation. Examples of this are made by: ‘In the most high and palmy state of Rome’ and ‘ Was sick almost to doomsday with eclipse’ and ‘As harbingers preceding still the fates’. The conjecture here is that the Ghost is the forerunner of what is yet to come and also is connected with the Bible, as was prophesised that Christ would come to judge the living and the dead. This is effective use of imagery and is symbolic would most certainly create a growing sense of fear in the audience. Another biblical reference with far reaching effects is: ‘The cock crows’: this suggests betrayal and moreover, ‘And at his warning’ is ominous. There is dramatic impetus by Horatio and he uses aggressive language on the Ghost’s reappearance: ‘I’ll cross it, though it blast me. Stay illusion. ‘ He asks ‘ If thou art privy to thy country’s fate’- can the Ghost share a secret, any light on what lies ahead for Denmark? Despite the audience not having being introduced to Hamlet, we are psychologically manipulated into feeling sorry for him and empathise with him. In the indirect reference made to him we understand that Horatio suggests that they tell young Hamlet of the appearance of the Ghost. We learn that there is staunch support for Hamlet: ‘As needful in our loves, fitting our duty? ‘ In the space of a few days, sadly, his father has passed away: ‘The majesty of buried Denmark ‘. His rightful inheritance has been taken from him: ‘ So by his father lost’ which suggests that he is in mourning and ‘This, I take it is the main motive of our preparations’ – to take back that which was theirs. This automatically gives the audience someone to support and â€Å"root for† in ‘Young Hamlet’ as the play unfolds and we learn more of his personal story. This is linked to another theme that the audience can identify with: family values. The element of mystery and foreboding are inherently present in Act One, Scene One and is further personified in the form of an apparition, ‘This apparition come. ‘ The contemporary audience that this was aimed at, being more religiously aware than the public nowadays, would have been fearful of the spectre and would have made links to the devil and hell, gaining the audience’s full attention. By the spreading of its arms, it has connotations to Jesus Christ, creating a sombre aura. They are encouraged to believe that the Ghost is an omen: ‘ That this portentous figure’, is a sign that they are ready for battle. Essentially, the mood further reflects insecurity as Denmark may be on the verge of war. A clever technique Shakespeare uses serves to encourage loyalty to the monarch at the time, ‘Long live the King’. Therefore, he has put his political views forward successfully and with discretion. The Ghost exits, leaving everyone none the wiser as to the reason for its apparition. The first Act and Scene allows for speculation and would have created a sense of dramatic anticipation, keeping the audience on the edge of their seats, ready to see what will ensue in the next scene.